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Garbha Upanishad
Garbha Upanishad ((サンスクリット: गर्भ उपनिषत्)) or Garbhopanishad meaning "Esoteric Doctrine over the Embryo" is one of the minor Upanishads, listed number 17 in the modern anthology of 108 Hindu Upanishadic texts. Written in Sanskrit, it is associated with the Krishna Yajurveda by some, and as a Vedantic Upanishad associated with the Atharvaveda by other scholars.〔Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 2, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120814691, page 567〕 It is considered as one of the 35 Samanya (general) Upanishads. The last verse of the Upanishad attributes the text to sage Pippalada, but the chronology and author of the text is unclear, and the surviving manuscripts are damaged, inconsistent with each other and incomplete.〔Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 2, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120814691, pages 639-640, 644〕 The text is, states Narendran, more ancient compared to the other Upanishads in its group.
The Garbha Upanishad is a text that almost exclusively speculates on medical and physiology-related themes, dealing with the theory of the formation and development of the human embryo and human body after birth. The Upanishad gives details of the elements (essential parts and principles) and various features of the body and gives detailed explanation on the evolution of the embryo in the mother’s womb. Paul Deussen ''et al.'' consider this Upanishad on the garbha or human embryo to be more like "a manual on physiology or medicine" than a spiritual text, with the exception of a passage which includes a number of statements about the foetus awareness, including the assertion that the foetus has knowledge of its past lives as well as intuitive sense of good and bad, which it forgets during the process of birth.
The text is notable for its style, where it states a proposition, asks questions challenging the proposition, thereafter develops and presents answers to those questions.〔Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 2, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120814691, pages 640-644〕〔KN Aiyar, Thirty Minor Upanishads, University of Toronto Archives, , pages vii, 116-123〕 It is also notable for its attempt to enumerate and offer relative measure of human anatomy from foetus to adult stage of human life.〔
==Etymology==
The term ''Garbha'' literally means "womb" and "relating to gestation".〔(garbha ), Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Koeln University, Germany〕 The text's title means "esoteric doctrine relating to gestation, womb, foetus". It is also called ''Garbhopanishad'' (Sanskrit: गर्भोपनिषत्).
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